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HERALDRY LEARNING
LINKS
An
extensive listing of Heraldry learning links carefully researched to truly
assist the heraldry enthusiast and professional alike. We have deliberately
omitted sites with those annoying pop up ads; and sites that basically
provide duplicate information. As this link list grows, it will be divided in to
more categories.
HERALDRY CHARGES AND DEVICES
A pictorial glossary, of about 520 illustrations, representing the more
common heraldic terms. You can browse through these images; then, by
clicking on the picture of a heraldic figure, you will find out its name, in
6 languages (French, English, German, Spanish, Italian, and Dutch). This is
a terrific resource and a good place to start for those interested in
Heraldry. The link site is operated by Francois Velde, who works as an economist,
but has been a lover of heraldry since his childhood days, in France. A
links site
to Bookmark!
THE BOOK OF FAMILY CRESTS
This links site brought to you by the folks at Ancestry.com
provides for blazons of crests (portion above the helmet), taken from the
famous Fairburn’s historical reference. It cover England, Ireland, Scotland
and Wales. A valuable resource for studying English heraldry. A little
difficult to navigate but with practice you’ll get the hang of it. The
original book was likely scanned, so some of the spelling is off a little,
but otherwise, thank you to ancestry.com for providing this.
JAMES PARKER HERALDRY
Thanks to Jim Trigg for keeping this links site going. The information is
based on the original book by James Parker, of 1894. The site is extremely
detailed as it describes heraldry terms and how they are applied in various
arms. It's a great links site to study, and let’s hope, it stays around for a very
long time.
IRISH FAMILY MOTTOES
A terrific links site to look up your Irish family motto. Many of the mottoes you
will not find on other sites. Operated by Mervyn J Rossiter with our thanks.
Slainte
FAMILY MOTTOES
Over 8,000 family mottoes are featured from England, Ireland,
Scotland and Wales. The Largest resource of its kind. Offered free from
the good folks at Armorial Gold. Even if your family does not have a
motto, this is place to get one; as mottoes are not individually
protected, anyone can use a motto, regardless if someone else is using
it. When you get to the site, scroll to the right and click on “Family Mottoes”.
INTERNATIONAL MOTTOES
Brought to you by the folks at Euraldic, these are primarily the mottoes
you will find in Rietstap’s Armorial. Mottoes are in French,
Latin, Spanish, German and more. If you find a motto that interests you,
select and copy it, and try a Google search…you may find a translation.
Good work Marc!
RIETSTAP'S ARMORIAL
Rietstap's Armorial was a marathon heraldry coat of arms project, of
some 130,000 coats of arms from around the world. Mr. Marc Letellier, who
owns this links site, provides you with all the Blazons (descriptions) transcribed
from the original manuscript. Although it is in French, with a few short
lessons and maybe a good online dictionary, you can master it. It's one of
the most popular heraldry resources.
RIETSTAP'S ARMORIAL ONLINE
Thanks to Willem van den Berg who brings us this terrific learning links site. A
convenient searchable database of this famous collection makes it easy to
find the name you are looking for. The author has spent hundreds of hours to
complete. There's a small subscription fee to view some 130,000 blazons
(heraldic descriptions of coats of arms) from around the world that is sure
to help the heraldry enthusiast and the professional alike. Very Impressive
Willem
DIT NAMES
If you’re into French surnames,
especially French Canadian or French American names (from Louisiana and the
like), this site tries to solve the mystery of “Dit Names”. The information
is provided by the American-French Genealogical Society, with compilation
and research by Rita Elise Plourde; when you get to this links site scroll down, and
read about “Dit Names”, before you start searching for yours.
HERALDRY TRANSLATOR
Here you type in a heraldic term in French, German, English, Dutch, Spanish
or Italian to get the translation chosen. This is handy when you're
researching using a book that is not in your native tongue. It's the only
one available that we know of.
FRENCH HERALDIC GLOSSARY
A beautiful site, some 1500 pages on Heraldry, created by Hervé
Dupuis. The Glossary of Heraldic Terms, although in French, is an
excellent resource for those who understand that spoken word. Lots of great images and a very
impressive links section on French Heraldry. Good Work Hervé.
ECCLESIASTICAL HERALDRY
This site is brought to you by the good folks at “New Advent”.
Ecclesiastical heraldry naturally divides itself into various branches,
principally: the arms of religious corporations, and other bodies; the
insignia of ecclesiastical dignity, rank, or office; the charges, terms, and
forms of general heraldry having a religious or ecclesiastical origin,
usage, or character; the emblems or devices attributed to or typifying
particular saints or other beings venerated by the Church. A very
informative site!
PEERAGE
A genealogical survey of the
peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe. Thanks to Darryl
Lundy and his immense contribution for providing this heraldry links site. When you get to
the site, simply click on a letter to see if your name is referenced.
SCOTTISH CLANS
From the good folks at
Scotclans.com out of Edinburgh, this site although commercial in nature has
some terrific resources for those researching Scottish clans, septs, crests
and clan histories. When you get to the site, click on Clan A-Z (at the top)
for a list of clans, and then click on the clan you want. It provides a
little history and other information on the clan. To see the badge/crest
click on “Crest” on the left. To look up a sept, click on “what’s my clan”,
from main page. Good work folks.
CYNDI’S LIST
We thought we would include this
famous site, started in 1986 by Cyndi Howells, the Queen of Genealogy. The
link is to the heraldry section, which provides some research links that we
may not have covered. I am always amazed when I drop by this site, and the
success it has enjoyed. Congratulations Cyndi
HERALDRY SYMBOLISM
The Largest free heraldry
symbolism and heraldry dictionary on the net. When you get to the site,
click on “Learning Center” on the right. This takes you to a series of
options which include symbolism, dictionary, a tutorial on how to blazon, a
history section, and some other interesting tutorials. Worth a Look!
HERALDRY ART
We have divided this
links section into two categories: vector and bitmap. Vector art has a
transparent background and colors can be changed with the click of your
mouse. Vector images can be enlarged without losing resolution, and outlines
are crisp and smooth. Bitmaps or what are called raster images include Jpeg,
Gif, Bmp, Tif, and others. These formats are primarily for programs like
Photoshop, Paint and the like, although they also open in other graphic
programs. Raster images generally have a solid background.
VECTOR ART-Clipart
ARMORIAL GOLD HERALDRY
They offer the largest collection of heraldry art in vector format, in the world. At this
writing, over 29,000 images are offered in a choice of vector
formats…probably the nicest Heraldry clipart on the Internet.
FLEUR DE LIS DESIGNS
This group offers several packages of heraldry clipart; for example you
can buy just the Lions of Heraldry; they offer 100 lions from $39.00 and they throw in 5-6 different formats. FDL
also offers many other products and services including custom work, which is
a hard-to-find service. Check out their Clan Badge collection…impressive.
VECTOR IMAGES
This Russian based site offers a
myriad of vector images including some fine civic heraldry from around the
world. EG: you can buy 1100 images in your choice of formats for $59.00.
It’s worth a look!
NAME PRO
Operated by a Mr. Hosford, from
Australia, this site offers a collection of heraldry clipart, as well as
name and coat of arms software. The coat of arms software is well done. They
have been pleasing us since 1986.
FOTOSEARCH
Operating since 1987, this site is
primarily photos, but if you click on the link, select “clipart” and keyword
“heraldry”, you will see some interesting heraldry clipart. The art is a
little pricey, but the quality appears very good. They sell images
individually and also have some package offers.
BITMAPS (GIF, JPEG, ETC.)
JIM WOLF
A Free site offering some 3,000 GIF
files you can download from the site. Although low resolution, they make
great web art and an excellent guide to heraldic charges. Terrific for the
Student! Jim has numerous websites offering heraldic products, and
was trained in heraldry by the former Herald for the Knights of Malta
EDDIE GOOGHEGAN
Thousands of Coats of Arms are
displayed here, and you can download a low resolution version for personal,
non-commercial use; primarily arms from Ireland, but also has many other
countries available. The free images are in GIF or JPEG formats. The site
does make a good resource but keep in mind most individual names had several
coats of arms registered…some names, hundreds of arms were recorded.
Certainly worth a visit. Mr. Googhegan is known in Heraldry circles as the
“Irish” king.
GALLERY OF SOVEREIGN STATES
From the folks at Wikipedia, this
site offers great examples of Civic heraldry that you can download. File
formats from GIFS, SVG and PNG, and most images are in color. They also have
a great flag archive. Check it out
COATS OF ARMS IMAGES
This links section includes coats of arms from various
countries, as well as personal arms; when the website is not in English we
provide you with instructions on how to access the images. Those of you in
the design business will find these heraldry links an excellent resource.
GERMAN HERALDRY
If you are researching German heraldry this site has a
good selection of German coats of arms for the famous Siebmacher's
Wappenbuch. There about 15,000 coats of arms from Germany, Austria,
Switzerland and more. By selecting the Place Name Index you can see
all the countries and states covered. You can enlarge individual
drawings by clicking on them.
NETHERLANDS
A Dutch site operated by Walter Andreas
Groen who has done a nice job rendering several hundred Dutch coats of
arms. When you get to the site click on “Familiewapens” and this will take
you to an alpha listing. For contact information click on “Voor
reacties” which you will find on the far left, near the bottom
POLISH HERALDRY
This special link site is brought to you by Jozef A. Wawrzak, and
features some of the more ancient Polish coats of Arms. Nice reference
for those who want to create their own arms based on historical records.
Good Jozef. INTERNATIONAL CIVIC COATS OF ARMS
Operated by Ralf Hartemink this site is probably the largest heraldry site
on the Net. It features Civic arms from just about every
country/canton/state in the world. It really is a nice resource and has
taken years to develop. Thanks Ralph for sharing your legacy with us.
SCANDINAVIAN HERALDRY
This page is owned by the Societas Heraldica
Scandinavica (SHS), the heraldry society, which since 1959 has united
heraldry enthusiasts in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.
Primarily written in one of the Nordic languages, although you will find
English descriptions as well. You can click on one of the shields to see the
full achievements. You will note that the charges used in some cases are
very unusual which likely explains why heraldry brokers rarely offer them.
The Society is also mentioned in the “associations” section.
SPANISH HERALDRY
This link states that it provides 2500 Civic coats of arms and some
25,000 personal arms and blazons. Arriving at the site, click on "familia"
for blasons, "escudos" for personal arms. The word "enlaces" means "links".
It appears to be a work in progress, but well worth the visit.
SPANISH HERALDRY
Heraldaria brings this link site to you. Although in Spanish, you need
only type in a name, and click on "Buscar", to see the images associated
with the surname. It provides their interpretation of arms and in most
cases also gives you alternate arms from various areas of Spain, for the
same surname. The Learning resources are particularly good if you
understand the Spanish language. A Superior resource link!
SPANISH HERALDRY
This link site features a very broad array of Spanish coats of arms in a
convenient visual database. The arms feature the blazons and in some cases,
pertinent history. Worth a look!
SICILIAN NOBILITY
A nice research site featuring historical Coats of Arms
of the noble families of Sicily. Just click on “Famiglie Nobili” (which
means noble family). They are all listed in the center of the page. Each
family has a coat of arms displayed. An impressive resource.
ITALIAN NOBILITY-PIEMONTE
Hundreds and hundreds of coats of
arms of Italy’s Piedmont province. Scroll down and click on a letter to see
the coat of arms. Let’s hope this site stays up as it’s a fabulous reference
tool.
HERALDIC GIFTS
This heraldry links section
features heraldry gifts from various suppliers. These include not only the
coats of arms renderings on paper it shows where to get heraldry rings,
glassware, wood engravings, clothing, and much more. The rings are
particularly nice….more will be added to this section as they are
recommended to us, and as we research them.
RINGS
There are many sites that sell rings; most are
resellers. This site brought to you by familysealrings seems to be a
manufacturer and the work is particularly good. Lots of categories to browse
through. The craft is experiencing a resurgence of sorts, and we’re happy
for that.
RINGS & CUFFLINKS
The John Christian Co. was founded by John Waugh and
this site obviously specializes in fine craftsmanship. The rings and
cufflinks are extremely attractive, and you can now order hand embroidered
coat of arms. A pretty site, worth visiting.
TAPESTRIES
This is a very interesting site offered by Audrey
Kerwoord and Andy Jenkins. It features beautiful tapestries hand-crafted in
Belgium, France and Italy. There are some heraldic ones in the Medieval and
Bayeux sections. Certainly worth checking out!
ENGRAVING
Brought to you by Thomas Flack, Master Engraver, this
site offers a myriad of “hand engraved” gifts and keepsakes. From glasses,
to rings, to brass plates, to seals. Looks like excellent work, and it’s
rare to find an artist who appears to have perfected the craft of hand
engraving. Take a look!
CLOTHING
From the good folks at CafePress, this site offers
thousands of silk-screened clothing and gifts. The company offers artists or
those having licenses for art, to join their network. You provide the art,
and CafePress provides the website and does the imprinting. When you get to
the site key-in “heraldry” in the top command bar.
CLOTHING
Brought to you by Mike from Origins of Names, this site
is a heraldry wish list for just about anything you can think off. They do
have an embroidered clothing section, and the link takes you there. The
sweatshirts look good…
SCULPTURE
Thank you to Brian Rawlings for bringing us this
impressive site. Featured are three dimensional coats of arms, crests,
emblems, insignia, military badges, trademarks and company logos, modeled or
carved in sculptural relief. An award winner, and worth a look-see.
IRISH GIFTS
Brought to you by the good folks at The Irish Rose,
this site features gifts of all kinds, specializing in Irish Coats of Arms
and Irish emblems. When you get to the site click on “other coats of arms
items”. The paper-weights are very nice. Note that the navigation buttons
for this section are at the top-right.
IRISH GIFTS
If you’re looking for good quality Heraldry lapel pins
or key-chains, this Irish Gift site offers them at a very reasonable price.
When you get to the site click on “Irish Coats of Arms”. The business is
owned by Maeve O’Mara and Liam O’Neill, both of whom hail from County Cork,
and is located in St Paul Minnesota.
MUGS ‘N THINGS
Brought to you by Jack and Carolyn Frost, from
down-under, this gift store features many heraldry gifts. The Coffee mugs
are particularly nice as they have a little history on the back, and the
quality looks very good. Worth a “Boo”.
HERALDIC SIGNS
Baz Manning has been painting since the age of 4 and
sign-wrote his first commercial sign when he was 15. After a period as a
painter in the Royal Air Force and the civilian spraying industry, he
retrained to master his first love of sign-writing. It was while at college
that he was introduced to heraldry as an art form. Amazing work!
SURNAME HISTORIES
Hall of Names brings you a framed parchment with
surname history and coat of arms.
SURNAME HISTORIES
We include this 1961 company because the surname
history is hand-scribed, and is different from what you would general see on
the Net.
TARTANS
Linda Clifford is considered, by
many, as the Queen of Tartans, and is fondly referred to as the “Tartan
Lady”. When you get to the site, click on “Tartans”. Here, you will be able
to view samples of most of the Scottish and Irish Tartans. Keep up the good
work, Linda!
IRISH GIFTS
Brought to you by the good folks at Kathleen's
Dream , this site offers
a nice selection of Irish gifts, including coats of arms products and custom
embroidery. Check out the crystal glassware!
HERALDRY GIFTS
Societygifts.com provides a service that delivers some of the most
thoughtful and beautiful gifts from around the world to anywhere in the
world. Check out the Cufflinks.
CLOTHING AND MORE
With
thousands of coats of arms, this site has a convenient search feature
and when you want more information on a coat of arms, simply click on
the buy button and you’ll see all the products you can order. The
site was crafted by John Lehman and he welcomes requests for coats of
arms not featured on the site.
CLOTHING AND ACCESSORIES
Brought to
you by a store owner at Zazzle.com. In addition to shirts, mugs, ties,
mousepads, and other gifts, the store is currently being expanded to
include posters, pillows, electronic cases (iPhone, iPad, Kindle etc.)
and many other new products. Good work John.
REGISTRIES & SOCIETIES
This heraldry links section can very helpful when researching a coat of arms that you can’t
find through regular sources. You should keep in mind that sending an email
looking for free information is not likely to bring you a response. You
should, rather, offer to pay a nominal fee or donation for any information
you are looking for; this will help to show your sincerity. We have also
included Heraldry Societies that can register your coat of arms. You should
also note that many countries no longer have official bodies and seem to
rely on other associations to provide the assistance. Government web pages
can also be of help in directing you to a heraldic authority that may not
have a web presence, but may be able to assist you.
SCANDINAVIA
Covers all Scandinavian countries including Denmark,
Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland. For the email contact click on
“Kontakt”
SCOTLAND
The Court of the Lord Lyon is the heraldic authority
for Scotland. It deals with all matters relating to Scottish Heraldry and
Coats of Arms and maintains the Scottish Public Registers of Arms and
Genealogies.
SCOTLAND
The Heraldry Society of Scotland was founded in 1977
with the objective of promoting the study of heraldry and encouraging its
correct use in Scotland and Overseas. A very informative site.
GERMANY
The Imperial College of Heraldry of The Holy Roman
Empire of The German Nation, the supreme Governing Authority over all
Heraldic matters and usage of Heraldry in The German Empire of The First
Reich . The site is wide so you may need to adjust your browser, and at the
top left you can turn off the sound by clicking on the tiny black square.
Scroll down for contact information by mail or email
UNITED KINGDOM
Heraldic authority for England, Wales, Northern
Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man and most of the Commonwealth of
Nations.
UNITED KINGDOM
The Heraldry Society exists to increase and extend
interest in and knowledge of heraldry, armory, chivalry, genealogy and
allied subjects. The Society is non-profit making, and is registered as an
educational charity. Membership is open to all. Check out the members
arms….pretty.
SWITZERLAND
The Swiss Heraldry Society (Schweizerische Heraldische
Gesellschaft) has been in existence since 1891, and if anyone can help you
with your research they certainly can. The languages available are German,
French and Italian. They also have numerous links to Swiss oriented
websites.
FLEMISH
A Decree from 3 February 1998 allows the private
persons and the institutions to bear a coat of arms. The mode of enforcement
of the Law is prescribed by the Decree from 17 July 2000. The coat of arms
must be approved by the Flemish Heraldic Council. Here is their website.
Although in Dutch, one can browse and find an email link, and a postal
address for enquiries.
USA
The American College of Heraldry is a Chartered,
non-profit body established in 1972, with the aim of aiding in the study and
perpetuation of heraldry in the United States and abroad. Registrations are
restricted by policy to American citizens or residents, as well as to others
with significant personal or business connections in America.
USA
The Augustan Society’s program of registering coats of
arms, badges, and standards began in June 1966.
CANADA
The Canadian Heraldic Authority is responsible for the
creation of new coats of arms, flags and badges for Canadian citizens and
corporate bodies. Find out about heraldry and its role in Canada today.
Learn how armorial bearings are designed and granted, and see examples of
the work of the Canadian Heraldic Authority.
PORTUGAL
Instituto Português de Heráldica (The Portuguese
Institute of Heraldry). When you get to the site click on “Entrar” to enter.
Then scroll down and click on”contactor o instituto”. This does
not appear to be a registering body but there is an email link for
enquiries. The site is a work in progress
INTERNATIONAL
Burke’s Peerage & Gentry provides for an international
registry of coats of arms. When you get to the site click on “the
international register of arms” to see some of the armorial bearings they
have registered. They also have an extensive link section
.
SURNAMES
Surnames can be found in many other categories, but if you get stuck, these
links can prove very helpful.
SURNAME ORIGINS
Suzanne McVetty is a professional Genealogist and brings this site to us.
Thousands of surnames from around the world with their origins fully
described. There is also a search function which is good to try out as they
may have some more information on the surname you’re researching. The site
is part of the "My Family" network.
SURNAME SEARCH
Brought to you by the good folks at Ancestry.com. It
offers a free search of surnames in the USA and in the UK based on census
records, and a little history on the name in most cases. When you get to the
site, enter your last name, and then click on “update”. If the name is
there, you can click on (left buttons) either “name distribution (US)” or
“name distribution (UK)”…a map of the distribution will then display. A very
helpful resource.
SURNAMES FRANCE
Brought to you by the fine folks at Linternaute.com. It
features the top 1000 surnames in France based on census records. You can
view the names in order of frequency or you can search for a name; it then
displays the number of instances of that name and their ranking, as well as
a map of France showing where they are located.
SURNAMES IRELAND
From the good folks at goireland.com, this is an
invaluable resource when researching Irish surnames. Simply key-in the name
you are researching and if they have it they tell you where the name is most
prevalent, and with many entries showing a brief history of the name. A Nice
site.
SURNAMES IRELAND
From the good folks at
the Irish Times, this link site offers invaluable information for the
Researcher of Irish surnames and more.. You can key-in a name and it gives
you a description in the historical Irish/Gaelic language, as well as in
English; on the right side of your search results, you'll find the surname
variants. A site to bookmark.
SURNAMES
UK
From the good folks at
Name Origin Research, this link site offers origins on about 50,000
surnames, mainly from the UK. You can key-in a name and it gives
you a very nice history of the name; be sure to try spelling variants. A
wonderful resource for the genealogy and heraldry communities.
HERALDRY IN GENERAL
This
heraldry links section covers
heraldic artists, flags, heraldic bookplates, heraldry newsletters, and some
miscellaneous sites that you may enjoy.
FLAGS
The Flags of the World was created by Giuseppe
Bottasini, of Milan, Italy, assisted by Željko Heimer; soon Rob Raeside took
over as assistant, and in June 1998, Rob took over as Director. It’s likely
the largest heraldic flag resource available, and is the only site we are
mentioning at this time. When you get to the site, select “pages ordered by
Country”. Thank you Rob for keeping this going!
ARTISTS
The Society of Heraldic Art has a
very thorough listing of heraldic artists of all types. Most links have
beautiful art work with separate links to emails and websites of the various
artists. A Must see!
ARTIST
Susi Galloway- Newell grew up in the heart of Europe,
near the breathtaking mountain regions of Switzerland. Fascinated by ancient
arts she chose a Heraldry Master Painter to teach her the skills of the
trade over a period of 4 years. Further inspired, by the works of
Bottichelli, Da Vinci, Michellangelo, Pre-Raphaelites, Alma-Tadema, Dali,
M.C. Escher and Magritte she continued her quest as an artist. Click on the
Coats of Arms Gallery to see some of her work. She is a talented gal!
ARTIST-BOOKPLATES
Marco Foppoli is an Italian artist that specializing in
heraldic art. Unique qualities about the service that Marco provides are his
custom bookplates, and his ecclesiastical heraldry work. The site is offered
in three languages. There is an email contact for prices. Beautiful work
Marco!
HERALDRY NEWSLETTER
Burke’s Peerage and Gentry offers a
newsletter they call “The Armorial Register” You will see a link at the top
of the page to subscribe to the email version.
HERALDRY NEWSLETTER
The Baronage Press, operated by Frederick Hogarth has
been around for years, and features online genealogical and heraldic data in
their archives section, and general information on the history of the
British Isles. Their on-line newsletter is called the Feudal Herald, and at
this writing, subscriptions are free. Always a good read!
GENEALOGY
Genealogylinks.net consists of 4,200 pages of more than 45,000 Free Genealogy Links; for US, UK, England, Scotland, Wales,
Ireland, Europe, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. A Monstrous site, and
what a place to start your family research!
SCA
The Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA) is an
international member based organization dedicated to researching and
re-creating the arts and skills of pre-17th-century Europe. Operating for
some 40 years, the Society boasts some 30,000 members worldwide, and is
currently chaired by Jason Williams. A Must visit!
BOOKS
Heraldry Today must be your first choice for books on
heraldry and genealogy. Established in 1954, a member of The Antiquarian
Booksellers' Association, and having for fifty years kept careful records,
Heraldry Today has developed a unique bibliographical reference, which is
supported by an expert knowledge of Heraldry and Genealogy.
BOOKS
AbeBooks, the world’s largest online marketplace for
books, lists over 100 million new, used, rare, and out-of-print books from
more than 13,500 booksellers. This great selection delivers value for all:
readers find bestsellers, collectors find rare books, students find
textbooks, and treasure hunters find books they’ve been seeking forever.
BOOKS
Alibris (pronounced "uh-LEE-briss") connects people who
love books, music, and movies to thousands of independent sellers around the
world. Our proprietary technology and advanced logistics allow us to offer
over 60 million used, new, and out-of-print books to consumers, libraries,
and retailers.
BOOKS
BookFinder.com is an one-stop ecommerce search engine
that searches over 100 million books for sale—new, used, rare, out-of-print,
and textbooks. They save you time and money by searching every major catalogue
online, and letting you know which booksellers are offering the best prices
and selection. When you find a book you like, you can buy it directly from
the original seller; they never charge a mark-up.
MEDIEVAL CASTLES
A terrific history resource center, focusing on
medieval castles, and includes a castle glossary. Read about some of the
most notorious castles in medieval Europe. A well crafted site!
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